Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMKJ485)

Drug Name

Pioglitazone

Synonyms

111025-46-8; Actos; Pioglitazona; Pioglitazonum; Glustin; Zactos; 105355-27-9; Pioglitazonum [INN-Latin]; Pioglitazona [INN-Spanish]; Duetact; Pioglitazone [INN:BAN]; Pioglitazone [BAN:INN]; 5-(4-(2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione; AD-4833; U 72107; CHEBI:8228; Pioglitazone (Actos); HSDB 7322; Actos (TN); 5-{4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]benzyl}-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione; C19H20N2O3S; AD 4833; 5-[4-[2-(5-ETHYL-2-PYRIDYL)ETHOXY]BENZYL]-2,4-THIAZOLIDINEDIONE; U 72107A; Actos; Actost; Glustin (TN); HS-0047; Pioglitazone (INN); U-72107; U72,107A; Zactos (TN); (+-)-5-((4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione; (+/-)-5-[[4-[2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridinyl)-ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione; (+/-)-5-[p-[2-(ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione; 2,4-Thiazolidinedione, 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-(9CI); 5-((4-(2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione; 5-(4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione; 5-[4-[2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[[4-[2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione; 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[[4-[2-[(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)]ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; Linagliptin + pioglitazone; PCG1

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Diabetic complication	5A2Y	Approved	[1], [2]
Type-2 diabetes	5A11	Phase 3	[3]
Obesity	5B81	Investigative	[4]

Therapeutic Class

Hypoglycemic Agents

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

356.4

Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp)

3.8

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption Tmax: The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 2 h [5]
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 2: low solubility and high permeability [6]
Bioavailability: 83% of drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination(s) [7]
Clearance: The clearance of drug is 5-7 L/h [5]
Elimination: Approximately 15-30% of orally administered pioglitazone is recovered in the urine [5]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 3 - 7 hours [5]
Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the both hydroxylation and oxidation [5]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 1.8035 micromolar/kg/day [8]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 0.63 +/- 0.41 L/kg [5]

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C19H20N2O3S
IUPAC Name: 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
Canonical SMILES: CCC1=CN=C(C=C1)CCOC2=CC=C(C=C2)CC3C(=O)NC(=O)S3
InChI: InChI=1S/C19H20N2O3S/c1-2-13-3-6-15(20-12-13)9-10-24-16-7-4-14(5-8-16)11-17-18(22)21-19(23)25-17/h3-8,12,17H,2,9-11H2,1H3,(H,21,22,23)
InChIKey: HYAFETHFCAUJAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 4829
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:8228
CAS Number: 111025-46-8
DrugBank ID: DB01132
TTD ID: D03OFF
VARIDT ID: DR00518
INTEDE ID: DR1295
ACDINA ID: D00534

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma)	TTZMAO3	PPARG_HUMAN	Agonist	[9], [4]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)_{Main DME}	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Substrate	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)_{Main DME}	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Substrate	[12]
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (COX-1)	DE073H6	PGH1_HUMAN	Substrate	[13]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease

Diabetic complication

ICD Disease Classification

5A2Y

Molecule Name	Molecule Type	Gene Name	p-value	Fold-Change	Z-score
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma)	DTT	PPARG	2.41E-01	-0.06	-0.25
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DME	CYP2C8	1.82E-04	-1.35E-01	-5.84E-01
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DME	CYP2C9	1.90E-01	-9.81E-03	-5.96E-02
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DME	CYP3A4	1.04E-02	6.29E-02	3.54E-01
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (COX-1)	DME	PTGS1	3.97E-03	1.56E-01	4.33E-01

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA)

MEA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Pioglitazone (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Remdesivir	DMBFZ6L	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and Remdesivir.	1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019]	[47]
Bedaquiline	DM3906J	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and Bedaquiline.	Antimicrobial drug resistance [MG50-MG52]	[48]
Dalfopristin	DM4LTKV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Dalfopristin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[49]
Clarithromycin	DM4M1SG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Clarithromycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[50]
Pexidartinib	DMS2J0Z	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and Pexidartinib.	Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B]	[51]
Lapatinib	DM3BH1Y	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Lapatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[52]
Drospirenone	DM1A9W3	Minor	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Drospirenone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Contraceptive management [QA21]	[53]
Levonorgestrel	DM1DP7T	Minor	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Levonorgestrel mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Contraceptive management [QA21]	[53]
Mestranol	DMG3F94	Minor	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Mestranol mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Contraceptive management [QA21]	[54]
Lumacaftor	DMCLWDJ	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Lumacaftor mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Cystic fibrosis [CA25]	[55]
MK-8228	DMOB58Q	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by MK-8228 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Cytomegaloviral disease [1D82]	[52]
Vilazodone	DM4LECQ	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Vilazodone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[52]
Nefazodone	DM4ZS8M	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Nefazodone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[50]
Stiripentol	DMMSDOY	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Stiripentol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[56]
Rufinamide	DMWE60C	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Rufinamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[57]
Phenobarbital	DMXZOCG	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Phenobarbital mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[58]
Cannabidiol	DM0659E	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and Cannabidiol.	Epileptic encephalopathy [8A62]	[57]
Ripretinib	DM958QB	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Ripretinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Gastrointestinal stromal tumour [2B5B]	[52]
Rifapentine	DMCHV4I	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Rifapentine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[58]
Brentuximab vedotin	DMWLC57	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and Brentuximab vedotin.	Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30]	[59]
Saquinavir	DMG814N	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Saquinavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[50]
Etravirine	DMGV8QU	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Etravirine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[60]
Raltegravir	DMYURI6	Minor	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Raltegravir mediated induction of UGT.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[61]
Gemfibrozil	DMD8Q3J	Major	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Gemfibrozil mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[52]
Mipomersen	DMGSRN1	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and Mipomersen.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[62]
Teriflunomide	DMQ2FKJ	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and Teriflunomide.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[61]
BMS-201038	DMQTAGO	Major	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and BMS-201038.	Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80]	[63]
ITI-007	DMUQ1DO	Major	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by ITI-007 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[64]
Selpercatinib	DMZR15V	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Selpercatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[52]
Idelalisib	DM602WT	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and Idelalisib.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[65]
IPI-145	DMWA24P	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by IPI-145 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[66]
Vemurafenib	DM62UG5	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Vemurafenib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[52]
Dabrafenib	DMX6OE3	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Dabrafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[47]
Exjade	DMHPRWG	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Exjade mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64]	[52]
Nilotinib	DM7HXWT	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Nilotinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20]	[67]
Abametapir	DM2RX0I	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Abametapir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pediculosis [1G00]	[68]
Lefamulin	DME6G97	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Lefamulin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pneumonia [CA40]	[69]
ABIRATERONE	DM8V75C	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by ABIRATERONE mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[52]
Dexamethasone	DMMWZET	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Dexamethasone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[50]
Larotrectinib	DM26CQR	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Larotrectinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[47]
Trabectedin	DMG3Y89	Moderate	Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Pioglitazone and Trabectedin.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[57]
Armodafinil	DMGB035	Minor	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Armodafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[70]
LEE011	DMMX75K	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by LEE011 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[47]
Fostamatinib	DM6AUHV	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Pioglitazone caused by Fostamatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Thrombocytopenia [3B64]	[71]
-----------


⏷ Show the Full List of 44 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Mannitol	E00103	6251	Diluent; Flavoring agent; Lyophilization aid; Plasticizing agent; Tonicity agent
Sodium lauryl sulfate	E00464	3423265	Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Lactose monohydrate	E00393	104938	Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
--------------------

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Pioglitazone 15 mg tablet	15 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Pioglitazone 30 mg tablet	30 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Pioglitazone 45 mg tablet	45 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2694).
2	Emerging drug candidates of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor class for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Drug Targets. 2009 Jan;10(1):71-87.
3	ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01183013) 30 Week Parallel Group Comparison Study of Linagliptin + Pioglitazone (5+15, 5+30 and 5+45 mg) qd Versus Respective Monotherapies, Followed by a Comparison of 5mg+30mg and 5mg+45mg Versus Respective Monotherapies in Type 2 Diabetes for up to 54 Weeks. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
4	Obesity: pathophysiology and clinical management. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(4):506-21.
5	FDA Approved Drug Products: Actos (pioglitazone) oral tablets
6	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
7	Critical Evaluation of Human Oral Bioavailability for Pharmaceutical Drugs by Using Various Cheminformatics Approaches
8	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
9	Functional PPAR-gamma receptor is a novel therapeutic target for ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Nat Med. 2002 Nov;8(11):1281-7.
10	Pioglitazone is metabolised by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro: potential for interactions with CYP2C8 inhibitors. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006 Jul;99(1):44-51.
11	Current clinical evidence on pioglitazone pharmacogenomics. Front Pharmacol. 2013 Nov 26;4:147.
12	The role of human CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 variants in pioglitazone metabolism in vitro. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009 Dec;105(6):374-9.
13	Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
14	Expression levels and activation of a PXR variant are directly related to drug resistance in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer. 2007 Mar 1;109(5):957-65.
15	Contribution of human hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms to regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones. Xenobiotica. 1998 Jun;28(6):539-47.
16	Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):1062-75.
17	Isoform-specific regulation of cytochromes P450 expression by estradiol and progesterone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Feb;41(2):263-9.
18	Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
19	Potent mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 by imatinib explains its liability to interact with CYP3A4 substrates. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(8):2787-98.
20	Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Apr;28(3):151-6.
21	The metabolism of zidovudine by human liver microsomes in vitro: formation of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):267-76.
22	Roles of cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A6, and 2C8 in 5-fluorouracil formation from tegafur, an anticancer prodrug, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Dec;28(12):1457-63.
23	Role of cytochrome P450 2C8 in drug metabolism and interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241.
24	Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
25	Differential expression and function of CYP2C isoforms in human intestine and liver. Pharmacogenetics. 2003 Sep;13(9):565-75.
26	Analysis of human cytochrome P450 2C8 substrate specificity using a substrate pharmacophore and site-directed mutants. Biochemistry. 2004 Dec 14;43(49):15379-92.
27	Interaction of sorafenib and cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in patients with advanced melanoma: a phase I/II pharmacokinetic interaction study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;68(5):1111-8.
28	PharmGKB summary: mycophenolic acid pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2014 Jan;24(1):73-9.
29	Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.
30	Progesterone and testosterone hydroxylation by cytochromes P450 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Oct 1;346(1):161-9.
31	Tamoxifen inhibits cytochrome P450 2C9 activity in breast cancer patients. J Chemother. 2006 Aug;18(4):421-4.
32	Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17beta-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome p450 isoforms. Endocrinology. 2003 Aug;144(8):3382-98.
33	Drug-drug interactions with imatinib: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Oct;95(40):e5076.
34	Drug interactions with calcium channel blockers: possible involvement of metabolite-intermediate complexation with CYP3A. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Feb;28(2):125-30.
35	New insights into the structural features and functional relevance of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Part I. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Dec;10(10):1075-126.
36	A potential role for the estrogen-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in human breast carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Dec;82(3):191-7.
37	A mechanistic approach to antiepileptic drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother. 1998 May;32(5):554-63.
38	Peroxidative free radical formation and O-demethylation of etoposide(VP-16) and teniposide(VM-26). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Feb 26;135(1):215-20.
39	Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in human urinary bladder carcinoma and growth inhibition by its agonists. Int J Cancer. 2003 May 1;104(5):597-602.
40	Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of lobeglitazone, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, after a single oral administration in healthy female subjects. Clin Drug Investig. 2014 Jul;34(7):467-74.
41	Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of GlaxoSmithKline (2009).
42	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activators improve insulin sensitivity and reduce adiposity. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 2;275(22):16638-42.
43	Muraglitazar, a dual (alpha/gamma) PPAR activator: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week monotherapy trial in adult patients with... Clin Ther. 2005 Aug;27(8):1181-95.
44	A randomized-controlled trial to investigate the effects of rivoglitazone, a novel PPAR gamma agonist on glucose-lipid control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011 Sep;13(9):806-13.
45	Balaglitazone: a second generation peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma () agonist.Mini Rev Med Chem.2012 Feb;12(2):87-97.
46	Ragaglitazar: the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of a novel dual PPAR alpha and gamma agonist in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Nov;43(11):1244-56.
47	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
48	Product Information. Sirturo (bedaquiline). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
49	Product Information. Synercid (dalfopristin-quinupristin) Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, PA.
50	Product Information. Actos (pioglitazone) Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Lincolnshire, IL.
51	Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
52	Aquilante CL, Kosmiski LA, Bourne DW, et al. "Impact of the CYP2C8 *3 polymorphism on the drug-drug interaction between gemfibrozil and pioglitazone." Br J Clin Pharmacol 75 (2013): 217-26. [PMID: 22625877]
53	Glazer NB, Cheatham WW "Thiazolidinediones for type 2 diabetes - No evidence exists that pioglitazone induces hepatic cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A4." Br Med J 322 (2001): 235-6. [PMID: 11159615]
54	Loi CM, Stern R, Koup JR, Vassos AB, Knowlton P, Sedman AJ "Effect of troglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive agent." J Clin Pharmacol 39 (1999): 410-7. [PMID: 10197300]
55	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Canadian Product Information.".
56	EMEA. European Medicines Agency "EPARs. European Union Public Assessment Reports.".
57	Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
58	Jaakkola T, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ "Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone." Br J Clin Pharmacol 61 (2006): 70-8. [PMID: 16390353]
59	Product Information. Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
60	Product Information. Intelence (etravirine). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
61	Canadian Pharmacists Association.
62	Product Information. Kynamro (mipomersen). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
63	Product Information. Juxtapid (lomitapide). Aegerion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
64	Product Information. Caplyta (lumateperone). Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY.
65	Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
66	Product Information. Copiktra (duvelisib). Verastem, Inc., Needham, MA.
67	Product Information. Tasigna (nilotinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
68	Product Information. Xeglyze (abametapir topical). Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
69	Product Information. Fycompa (perampanel). Eisai Inc, Teaneck, NJ.
70	Doherty MM, Charman WN "The mucosa of the small intestine: how clinically relevant as an organ of drug metabolism?" Clin Pharmacokinet 41 (2002): 235-53. [PMID: 11978143]
71	Product Information. Tavalisse (fostamatinib). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.